{"id":29604,"date":"2020-08-11T09:04:29","date_gmt":"2020-08-11T14:04:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/panamaadvisoryinternationalgroup.com\/blog\/?p=29604"},"modified":"2020-08-11T09:04:29","modified_gmt":"2020-08-11T14:04:29","slug":"nicaraguans-seek-refuge-panama-cementing-countrys-status-migrant-destination","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/panamaadvisoryinternationalgroup.com\/blog\/nicaraguans-seek-refuge-panama-cementing-countrys-status-migrant-destination\/","title":{"rendered":"Nicaraguans seek refuge in Panama, cementing the country\u2019s status as migrant destination"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Panama, through which tens of thousands of migrants pass each year on their journeys north, is increasingly becoming the destination for Nicaraguans who have chosen to seek refuge by moving south.<\/p>\n

Since the U.S. has\u00a0tightened immigration restrictions<\/a>\u00a0on its southern border, migrants have sought alternative locations such as Panama and Costa Rica, two of the more stable and prosperous countries in Latin America. While Colombians, Venezuelans, Cubans and Haitians have been coming to Panama for a number of years, the arrival of Nicaraguans is a relatively new trend.<\/p>\n

Hussein Pitty, director of the Oficina Nacional para la Atenci\u00f3n de Refugiados, Panama\u2019s national office for refugees, said he started to see Nicaraguans applying for refugee status in Panama two years ago, and the number continues to grow. In 2019 and the beginning of 2020, 7,550 Nicaraguans applied for refugee status in Panama.<\/p>\n

Nicaraguans are \u201cthe nationality that has requested refugee status the most in 2019 and so far in 2020,\u201d Pitty said.<\/p>\n

The increase in Nicaraguans coming to Panama in the past two years is largely linked to human-rights violations and violent clashes between government forces and protesters opposing the regime of President Daniel Ortega that began in April 2018.<\/p>\n

In March, the UNHCR, the United Nations\u2019 refugee agency, reported that more than 100,000 Nicaraguans had fled the country, with 77,000 crossing into Costa Rica to request international protection. According to UNHCR, just over 8,000 Nicaraguans have fled to Panama.<\/p>\n

As Costa Rica became overwhelmed, Panama started to see overflow into its system. At the same time, countries throughout Latin American, including Panama, have been providing refuge to millions of Venezuelans who have fled their country amidst political and economic turmoil since 2015.<\/p>\n

\u201cThroughout all of Latin America, the refugee systems were saturated,\u201d Pitty said.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Hussein Pitty is the director of the National Office for the Care of Refugees in Panama. His office has backlog of over 16,000 requests for refugee status, for which he hopes to streamline the process. (Photo by Katherine Sypher\/Cronkite Borderlands Project)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

In total, more than 20,000 people have requested refugee status in Panama through Pitty\u2019s office since 2018, the first step in the process. That is significant for such a small country that has traditionally served as a pathway for migrants headed to the United States.<\/p>\n

But the chances for receiving refugee status and legal residency in Panama are low. Since 1990, only 2,500 people have been granted refugee status in Panama. In 2018, 86 individual cases were granted refugee status,\u00a0according to UNHCR<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The process from start to finish can take years, during which time migrants are allowed to stay in Panama. Migrants must apply within six months of arriving in the country.<\/p>\n

The process is complicated: One must first be admitted for consideration, then go through the process of becoming recognized as a refugee, eventually going before Panama\u2019s National Refugee Commission, the body that makes the final decision. The first phase of admission falls to Pitty\u2019s agency in the convoluted process. The government can deny anyone at any point during the process.<\/p>\n

The UNHCR set the definition of \u201crefugee<\/a>\u201d in 1951, and the group amended it in 1967. The definition states that a refugee is someone with \u201cwell-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion\u201d in their home country.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pitty determines whether migrants meet those criteria. He said he hopes his office can streamline the process to get through as many requests as possible.<\/p>\n

Panama is a relatively stable and prosperous country in the volatile Central American region. Panama boasts a gross domestic product per capita of $15,575, the highest in the region, according to the World Bank. For comparison, Nicaragua has a GDP per capita of $2,028, and the U.S. is $62,794 per capita.<\/p>\n

The Panama Canal provides work opportunities and pushes the country\u2019s standard of living higher than that of its neighbors.<\/p>\n

Adolfo Leyva, a professor of international affairs at Florida State University\u2019s Panama campus, has been living in Panama City for more than 15 years. \u201cPanama has always been very international,\u201d he said. \u201cIt\u2019s a real melting pot.\u201d<\/p>\n

One of Leyva\u2019s students, Marcela Espinoza, is from Nicaragua.<\/p>\n

\u201cI find it difficult to find Panamanians,\u201d Espinoza said. \u201cEveryone is from Colombia, Venezuela and all these countries that have these problems.\u201d<\/p>\n

Espinoza\u2019s father works for UNICEF in Panama, and their family has been in the country for more than six months.<\/p>\n

Given its melting pot status in Central America, Panama is host to migrants of all socio-economic levels.<\/p>\n

Hogar Luisa is a Catholic-supported shelter in Panama City, providing basic necessities to migrants with nowhere else to turn.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are a society that is not very understanding of the situation,\u201d said Jorge Luis Ayala, director of Hogar Luisa. \u201cIt leads me to commit myself as part of the church and as a person to work with this population with which not everyone works.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Jorge Luis Ayala is the director of Hogar Luisa, a Catholic shelter for migrants in Panama City. The shelter runs on a shoestring budget, supported by UNHCR and charitable contributions. (Photo by Luke Simmons\/Cronkite Borderlands Project)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Since its establishment in 2013, the shelter has hosted migrants from more than 30 countries. UNHCR supports the shelter\u2019s three workers, including Ayala, a social worker, and a weekend caretaker. Hogar Luisa also receives regular donations from churches and individuals for supplies and other operational costs.<\/p>\n

Ayala has his finger on the pulse of migration patterns within Panama, based on the nationalities of migrants coming through the shelter at any given time. In recent years, Nicaraguans, Colombians and Venezulans have been the most common nationalities using the shelter, Ayala said. All three countries have massive internal conflicts that have displaced millions in the region.<\/p>\n

Aaron Hernandez, a cheerful 23-year-old with an athletic build, has been living in Panama since July 2017, when he left Nicaragua. He came to Panama to compete in marathons and other running events hoping to win money to send back to his wife and young child.<\/p>\n

Hernandez\u2019s running career in Panama ended as his six month Panamanian visa did, but he stayed to look for other work opportunities he wouldn\u2019t have in Nicaragua.<\/p>\n

He has worked odd jobs to make money to send home each month, including construction and painting boats. \u201cIf I have a steady job, it\u2019s $80 to $100 (monthly),\u201d he said. \u201cIf the job is not steady, sometimes it\u2019s only $40 or $50.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Aaron Hernandez came to Panama to run in competitions, sending money to his family back in Nicaragua. Having overstayed his original visa, he works odd jobs around Panama City. (Photo by Luke Simmons\/Cronkite Borderlands Project)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Hernandez ended up at Hogar Luisa. Having overstayed his visa, Hernandez is currently undocumented with the Panamanian government, which prohibits him from applying for a work permit and attaining refugee status.<\/p>\n

Unable to qualify or pay for work permits, many Nicaraguans work under the table in Panama as caretakers, housekeepers, handymen and construction workers.<\/p>\n

Leyva, the professor at FSU, hired Ana Maria Castillo, a 32-year-old Nicaraguan woman, to take care of his aging mother-in-law. Castillo came to Panama over two years ago for economic reasons. \u201cThere is very little work in Nicaragua,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

In Nicaragua, Castillo worked for a banana packing company for minimal wages. \u201cThe worker\u2019s salary never goes up,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ana Maria Castillo came to Panama over two years ago. (Photo by Luke Simmons\/Cronkite Borderlands Project)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Castillo\u2019s sister, who had been working in Panama for a number of years, told her the work opportunities were better in Panama. With her two children still in Nicaragua, Castillo sends money back home: $100 can feed both her children for a month.<\/p>\n

Castillo came to Panama on a six-month tourist visa. Having overstayed that visa, she is considered \u201cirregular\u201d or undocumented. If she wanted to return to Nicaragua, she would have to pay a penalty of $50 for each month she overstayed to the Panamanian government, a total of over $1,200.<\/p>\n

However, Castillo has an advantage: She is engaged to a Panamanian citizen. Once married to a citizen, she erases her penalties and can become a legal resident of Panama. She hopes to bring her son and daughter to Panama when she becomes fully \u201clegalized.\u201d<\/p>\n

Marcela Espinoza, the international affairs student at FSU Panama, and her family left Nicaragua before the violence erupted. Some of her family members had to flee to escape the government crackdown, heading to Costa Rica, Mexico, the U.S. and Panama.<\/p>\n

Espinoza will spend four more years at FSU in Panama before graduating. \u201cAfter I\u2019m done, I think I\u2019ll miss this place,\u201d she said of Panama. \u201cBut at some point \u2026 I want to go back to Nicaragua and visit my (extended) family.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Marcela Espinoza is an international affairs student at Florida State University in Panama. Originally from Nicaragua, she hopes to go to law school and study international law. (Photo by Luke Simmons\/Cronkite Borderlands Project)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

As Hernandez, looks toward the future, he remains hopeful. Panama \u201chas given me great opportunities,\u201d Hernandez said. \u201cSo I feel grateful to the country and blessed.\u201d<\/p>\n

The hopes and dreams of immigrants are universal. The stories of people like Hernandez and Castillo are reminiscent of those in the United States: They seek a better life.<\/p>\n

Ayala of Hogar Luisa hopes the church will develop more capacity to work with migrants. He said immigrants have historically been a key to Panama\u2019s development as a country: \u201cWe, like the United States, are a nation built from migration.\u201d<\/p>\n

Stay Safe!!<\/p>\n\n

\n

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    Panama, through which tens of thousands of migrants pass each year on their journeys north, is increasingly 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