{"id":27437,"date":"2019-11-25T10:54:17","date_gmt":"2019-11-25T15:54:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/panamaadvisoryinternationalgroup.com\/blog\/?p=27437"},"modified":"2019-11-25T10:54:17","modified_gmt":"2019-11-25T15:54:17","slug":"1914-photographing-panama-canal-air-get-arrested","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/panamaadvisoryinternationalgroup.com\/blog\/1914-photographing-panama-canal-air-get-arrested\/","title":{"rendered":"In 1914, Photographing the Panama Canal From the Air Could Get You Arrested"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/panamaadvisoryinternationalgroup.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/culebra-cut.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-27438\" src=\"https:\/\/panamaadvisoryinternationalgroup.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/culebra-cut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"695\" height=\"521\" srcset=\"https:\/\/panamaadvisoryinternationalgroup.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/culebra-cut.jpg 800w, https:\/\/panamaadvisoryinternationalgroup.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/culebra-cut-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/panamaadvisoryinternationalgroup.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/culebra-cut-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"pw-hidden-cp\">\n<p>When the Panama Canal was nearly completed, in April 1914, <em>Sunset<\/em> magazine editor Charles Kellogg Field jeopardized the future of his magazine\u2014and his personal liberty\u2014by publishing photographs and a story about the canal\u2019s military defenses. The article\u2019s title alone ignited a national firestorm: <em>Can the Panama Canal be destroyed from the air?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Three months later,? John W. Preston, United States Attorney for the Northern District of California, at the War Department\u2019s request, charged Field and three other men with spying: pilot Robert G. Fowler; Riley E. Scott, West Point graduate turned bomb-dropping expert; and Ray Duhem, San Francisco aerial movie-maker.<\/p>\n<p>An 1895 graduate of Stanford University\u2019s pioneer class, Field had built a successful career as a San Francisco insurance agent. But in 1908, his passion for journalism led him to join the <em>Sunset<\/em> staff full-time.<\/p>\n<p>Field had been a <em>Sunset<\/em> contributor for years, although most of his submissions had been poetry or general commentaries on contemporary events. But the writer had also developed an interest in aviation and the increase of airship and airplane activities in California.<\/p>\n<div id=\"desktopInArticle-0\" class=\"ad-slot article-slot-centered hidden-phone\" data-ad-settings=\"desktopInArticle-0\"><\/div>\n<p>Although now known primarily as a lifestyle magazine, in its earliest days, <em>Sunset<\/em> often covered military activities that affected the western United States, including the Spanish-American War, the rebellion in the newly acquired Philippine Islands, and the increasing naval presence on the West Coast.<\/p>\n<p>Field became <em>Sunset<\/em>\u2019s editor-in-chief in 1914, and his opinions began to have an impact across the country. That same year, Field decided he would join with other aviation supporters to convince Congress that airplanes were more useful\u2014and more dangerous\u2014than believed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"external-associated\">\n<section class=\"article-teaser special-article\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><button class=\"btn btn-primary\" type=\"submit\"><\/button><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div>Field\u2019s run-in with the U.S. government began with a story submitted to <em>Sunset<\/em> by Riley E. Scott. Scott\u2019s feature was about an April 27, 1913, flight over the Panama Canal by pilot Robert G. Fowler, who had gained fame a few years earlier when he became the first person to fly across the United States from West to East.<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Looking for other challenges, Fowler considered crossing the Panama isthmus; if successful, he would become the first to fly from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic.<\/p>\n<p>When he decided to attempt the Panama crossing, Fowler designed a new aircraft with aeronautical engineer Jay Gage. The aircraft had wheels plus outriggers and pontoons and an 80-horsepower engine from Berkeley, California-based Hall-Scott.<\/p>\n<p>Fowler\u2019s proposed route followed the nearly complete Panama Canal, then crossed the soon-to-be-filled Gatun Lake, the engineering heart of what made the continental crossing possible for ships.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com\/bq72Jl4K4GahIfsa4cuEeoz8orY=\/fit-in\/1072x0\/https:\/\/public-media.si-cdn.com\/filer\/af\/91\/af9165ab-724e-478d-8c75-23cc9e4c3728\/36e_dj2020_fowlerairplanenasm2016-00057-000001_live.jpg\" alt=\"Fowler-Gage biplane\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption\">Today, the Fowler-Gage biplane is on display at the National Air and Space Museum. <span class=\"credits\">(NASM (A19510004000CP180))<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div>The pilot chose a seaplane for the adventure instead of an airplane with conventional landing gear because the isthmus had no takeoff or landing fields. Fowler intended to rise from the Pacific shore and land in Limon Bay on the Atlantic side.<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Knowing only the distance to be traveled, an uninformed observer might consider Fowler\u2019s flight a casual undertaking: only 52 miles from takeoff in Panama Bay on the Pacific Coast to the Bay of Colon and Cristobal on the Atlantic shore\u2014one hour and 30 minutes flying time. It was actually extraordinarily dangerous. Fowler would be forced down in the shallow waters at Cristobal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com\/hGqk8q5Ty84bpreDplav-vkA7Ds=\/fit-in\/1072x0\/filters:focal(380x316:381x317)\/https:\/\/public-media.si-cdn.com\/filer\/f3\/6e\/f36ebcf1-7075-462f-986c-bbecbb17c940\/infamous-photo.jpg\" alt=\"gun emplacement on the Nace Islands\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption\">The infamous photo: A gun emplacement on the Nace Islands in the Bay of Panama meant to protect the Pacific approach to the Panama Canal. <span class=\"credits\">(Courtesy <i>Sunset<\/i> magazine)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div>The flight was historic, but what happened afterward overshadowed the achievement. Fowler carried a passenger, cameraman Ray E. Duhem, who not only took movies of the canal and its giant locks but also of fortifications and gun defenses under construction. When viewing the images, bombing expert Scott realized the importance and wrote his article about the canal\u2019s vulnerability.<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Field decided to publish the story along with Duhem\u2019s pictures. In a foreword to Scott\u2019s article, he pointed out \u201c[A]lmost directly under the aeroplane can be seen the emplacement for the most powerful weapon ever constructed, the first 16-inch disappearing gun, which has an effective range of about twelve miles.\u201d He noted in the introduction that an airplane carrying 500 or more pounds of explosives\u2014instead of a camera\u2014could easily eliminate such a gun. Field\u2019s introduction continued, \u201cColonel Goethals [who supervised the construction of the U.S. Panama Canal] is reported as saying in February: \u2018The Canal fortifications are entirely adequate and I do not think there is the slightest danger of the Canal being captured by any enemy.\u2019 The great canal builder might have added, in a paraphrase of Paul Revere: \u2018None, if by land, and none, if by sea.\u2019 But how, if by air? [Riley Scott] believes that the United States, having fortified the Canal against attack by land and sea, must eventually protect it from attack by an aerial foe.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The provocative cover and article caught the attention of the U.S. War and State Departments\u2014and eventually President Woodrow Wilson.<\/p>\n<p>Brigadier General E.H. Crowder, the U.S. Army\u2019s Judge Advocate General, read Scott\u2019s article and sent the issue of <em>Sunset<\/em> to U.S. Attorney General James C. McReynolds in Washington with a recommendation that some action be taken.<\/p>\n<p>In late June, McReynolds ordered San Francisco-based attorney John W. Preston to issue arrest warrants for the four men.<\/p>\n<p>All were charged as spies under the provisions of the Defense Secrets Act of 1911 for disclosing information regarding national defenses. The penalty, if convicted, was 10 years\u2019 imprisonment should a foreign power be the recipient of the information, or a one-year imprisonment and a fine of $10,000 if the disclosure was made inside the United States.<\/p>\n<p>On July 10, 1914, federal marshals arrested the men and took them before U.S. Commissioner Francis Krull at his office in the Post Office Building at the corner of Seventh and Mission streets in San Francisco. After their arraignment, Krull followed the recommendation of Preston and released the group on their own recognizance until 9:30 a.m. the next day.<\/p>\n<p>The four men, especially Fowler and Duhem, were astonished by the charges. In 1911, Duhem\u2019s movie company had made a film about the progress of Panama Canal construction that he released to theaters on January 1, 1912. The movie had been well received.<\/p>\n<p>Fowler and Duhem had followed established procedure. The 1911 Act required that permissions be granted for any photos or entry into a restricted military area. And permission was granted prior to the flight by the chief engineer of the Isthmian Canal Commission, Colonel George W. Goethals.<\/p>\n<p>Fowler and Duhem described their meeting with Goethals to Krull and to the press. District Attorney Preston took note, but said that considering the gravity of offenses, \u201cI think this case has merit. It has always been an Army regulation with the force of law forbidding the taking [of] photographs or views of the permanent work-of-defence, whether course of construction is completed.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Fowler and Duhem declared that they had no intention of violating any law; Field noted that the sole publication purpose was to \u201cstimulate interest in a larger appropriation for aerial defense in the United States.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>At the July 11 preliminary hearing, Fowler and Duhem offered a formal statement: \u201cCol. Goethals not only gave his permission, but he wished us the best of luck, and said he hoped the pictures would turn out well.\u201d Field\u2019s defense noted that the photograph in <em>Sunset<\/em> showed no actual fortifications or artillery but only the emplacement for a gun and the preliminary work for a fort.<\/p>\n<p>At the hearing, U.S. Commissioner Krull set a trial date for August 10, 1914. It never happened. Initially a postponement allowed the government time to review a new point of law. U.S. statutes prohibited the taking of photographs of military installations, but the legal language clearly stipulated terrestrial photos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wpcf7 no-js\" id=\"wpcf7-f16536-o1\" lang=\"\" dir=\"ltr\" data-wpcf7-id=\"16536\">\n<div class=\"screen-reader-response\"><p role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\"><\/p> <ul><\/ul><\/div>\n<form action=\"\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27437#wpcf7-f16536-o1\" method=\"post\" class=\"wpcf7-form init\" aria-label=\"Contact form\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" data-status=\"init\">\n<fieldset class=\"hidden-fields-container\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7\" value=\"16536\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_version\" value=\"6.1.6\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_locale\" value=\"\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_unit_tag\" value=\"wpcf7-f16536-o1\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_container_post\" value=\"0\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpcf7_posted_data_hash\" 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jeopardized<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[242,12,241,39,248,34,33,62,42,219,11,249,243,7,255,246,244,44],"class_list":["post-27437","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news-articles-panama-perpsective","tag-boca-chica-real-estate","tag-boquete","tag-boquete-real-estate","tag-buenaventura","tag-casco","tag-casco-antiguo","tag-casco-viejo","tag-coffee-in-panama","tag-estate-homes-in-panama","tag-move-to-panama","tag-offshore-real-estate","tag-panama-offshore-real-estate","tag-panama-papers","tag-panama-real-estate","tag-panama-real-estate-bocas-del-toro","tag-relocate-to-panama","tag-rum-in-panama","tag-travel-to-panama"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ 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